Assignment
Terms
Name:- chauhan Urvashi N.
Roll no:- 41
Year:-2018/20
Topic:- terms: hamartia, tragic Hero, expressive
criticism, objective criticism,
Enrollment no:-2069108420190008
Email Id:- urvashichauhan157@gmail.com
Submitted
to :- Dilip Barad
Smt.
S.B.Gardi , Department of English MK Bhavnagar Uni.
Literary terms refer to the
technique, style and formatting used by writers and speakers to
masterfully emphasize, embellish, or strengthen their compositions. Literary
terms can refer to playful techniques employed by comedians to make us laugh or
witty tricks wordsmiths use to coin new words or phrases. They can also include
the tools of persuasion that writers use to convince and drive audiences
to action. With their carefully crafted speeches geared towards both
logical and emotional thinking, they challenge our everyday modes of thinking.
Literary
terms also include powerful figurative language that writers use to summon
emotion ranging from guilt to anger to bliss, and to allow us to see the world
in new and magical ways. Words can be arranged to give poems, songs, and prose
alike, rhythm and musicality. They can animate a story with such wealth
of detail, character development, and action that as readers, we are taken by a
story, and feel as if the people on the page are real. Literary terms have a
wide range of application, from the poet’s beauty, to the speaker’s persuasion,
to the novelist’s story development.
Hamartia
:-
Hamartia
is the tragic flaw or error that reverses a protagonist fortune from good
to bad. Hamartia, pronounced hah-mahr-tee–uh, is derived from the Greek
phrase hamartanein meaning “to err” or “to miss the mark.” Hamartia
includes character flaws such as excessive ambition, greed, or pride which
result in tragic consequences.
Hamartia is a main element of the
classic tragic play. Usually, this tragic flaw causes a complicated story to
arise and develop. For a basic understanding of hamartia, though, consider
these short story examples:
Importance
of hamartia:
Hamartia
shapes the tragic plot. Without a fatal flaw, the protagonist would
continue to live a flourishing life with little to no difficulty. It is the
flaw that causes his or her good fortune to shift to bad fortune, usually at
the most climactic point in the plot. Furthermore, hamartia emotionally-charges
the tragic narrative , instilling pity and awe in the audience. The tragic
hero is imperfect and therefore relatable to the audience, as we all have
flaws. The dramatic and tragic effects of the flaw may serve as a moral lesson,
showing the negative effects of hamartia that is unharnessed and yields
terrible results.
Example
Oedipus the King is one of the primary
characters that come to mind when talking about hamartia examples. Oedipus
expresses a certain hubris about his own intelligence and
decision-making that, taken too far, leads to his downfall. Oedipus was made a
fatal mistake in his understanding of vital information.he kills his own father
and marries his mother out of ignorance. He has set a curse on the man who
kills his father not knowing that it is he who has done so. The blind prophet,
Tiresias, makes Oedipus aware of his tragic error and asserts that it is
Oedipus himself who leads to his own downfall.
Tragic Hero
Tragic hero is the protegonist of a tragedy in drama. In his poetics , Aristotle records the descriptions
of the tragic hero to the playwright and strictly defines the place that the
tragic hero must play and the kind of man he must be. Aristotle based his
observations on previous dramas. Many of the most famous instances of
tragic heroes appear in drama Greek literature, most notably
the works of Sophocles and Euripides.
Aristotelian
tragic Hero
Aristotle suggests that the hero of a
tragedy must evoke a sense of pity or fear within the audience, stating that the
change of fortune presented must not be the spectacle of a virtuous man brought
from prosperity to adversity.
He establishes the concept that pity is
an emotion that must be elicited when, through his actions, the character
receives undeserved misfortune, while the emotion of fear must be
felt by the audience when they contemplate that such misfortune could possibly
befall themselves in similar situations. Aristotle explains such change of
fortune "should be not from bad to good, but, reversely, from good to
bad.” Such misfortune is visited upon the tragic hero "not through vice or
depravity but by some error of judgment." This error, or hamartia,
refers to a flaw in the character of the hero, or a mistake made by the
character.
example of a mistake made by a tragic
hero can be found in Sophocles' Oedipus rex . In the story, the character
of Oedipus is given a prophecy that he will murder his own father and marry his
own mother. Although he goes to great lengths to avoid fulfilling the prophecy,
Oedipus learns that the life of a man he took, Laius, was actually that of his
own father, and that the woman to which he is married, Jocasta, is actually his
own mother.
Aristotelian
hero is characterized as virtuous but not "eminently good," which
suggests a noble or important personage who is upstanding and morally inclined
while nonetheless subject to human error. Aristotle's tragic heroes are
flawed individuals who commit, without evil intent, great wrongs or injuries
that ultimately lead to their misfortune, often followed by tragic realization
of the true nature of events that led to this destiny. highly-admirable qualities that lead the hero into tragic circumstances.
The tragic hero is snared by his or her own greatness: extraordinary
competence, a righteous passion for duty, and the arrogance associated with
greatness .
Expressive criticism
Expressive criticism treats a literary
work primarily in relation to its author. It defines poetry as an expression,
or overflow or utterance of felling or as the product of the posts imagination
operating on his or her perceptions, thoughts and feelings. It tends to judge
the work by its sincerity or its adequacy to the poet's individual vision or
state of mind. It often seeks in the work evidences of the particular temperament
and experiences of the author who consciously or unconsciously has revealed
himself or herself in it. Such views were developed mainly by romantic critics
in the early 19th century. And remain current in our own time especially
in the writing of psychological and psychoanalytic critics and in critics of
consciousness such as George poulet and the Geneva school.
Practical criticism
Practical criticism concerns itself
with the discussion of particular works and writers. In an applied critique the theoretical principles
controlling the mode of the analysis interpretation and evaluation are often
left implicit or brought in only as the occasion demands. Among the more
influential works of applied criticism in England and america are the literary
essays of Dryden in the restoration. Dr. Johnson’s lives of the english POET’S . Coleridge’s chapter on the poetry of Wordsworth in Biographia
Literatur and his lectures on
Shakespeare. William Hazlitt’s lectures on Shakespeare and the english POET’S in the second and third decades of the 19th
century. Matthew Arnold’s essay in criticism, Richard s practical criticism.
Practical criticism is sometimes distinguished into impressionistic and judicial criticism.
Objective criticism
Objective criticism deals with a work of
literature as something which stands free from what is often called “
extrinsic” relation to the poet or to the audience or to the environing world.
Instead it describes the literary product as a self – sufficient and autonomous
object or else as a world in itself. Which is to be contemplated as it’s own end. And to be analyzed and judged
solely by ‘ intrinsic' criteria such as
it’s complexity , coherence, equilibrium, integrity and the interrelations of
its component elements. The general viewpoint of the self-esteem sufficiency of
an aesthetic object was proposed in Kant's critique of aesthetic judgment see
distance and involvement was taken up by proponents of art for arts sake in the latter part of the 19th century
and has been elaborated in detailed modes of applied criticism by a number of
important critics sine the 1920s including the new critics the Chicago school
and proponents of European for malism.
Conclusion:
This
literary terms will helpful to understand the literature. It will help reader
to understand literature with different perspective . This terms will helpful
to see the. Literature beyond the way it
told. So by using these terms will help in see the literature in a new and
different way.
To Evaluate my Assignment click here
No comments:
Post a Comment